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Using Bioconductor
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The current release of Bioconductor is version3.11; it works with R version4.0.0. Users of older R andBioconductor must update their installation to take advantageof new features and to access packages that have been added toBioconductor since the last release.
The development version of Bioconductor is version3.12; it works with R version4.0.0. More recent ‘devel’versions of R (if available) will be supported during the nextBioconductor release cycle.
Install the latest release of R, then get the latest version ofBioconductor by starting R and entering the commands
It may be possible to change the Bioconductor version of an existinginstallation; see the ‘Changing version’ section of the BiocManagervignette.
Details, including instructions toinstall additional packages and toupdate,find, andtroubleshoot are providedbelow. A devel version ofBioconductor is available. There are goodreasons for using BiocManager::install()
formanaging Bioconductor resources.
Install R
- Download the most recent version of R. The R FAQs and the RInstallation and Administration Manual contain detailed instructionsfor installing R on various platforms (Linux, OS X, and Windows beingthe main ones).
Start the R program; on Windows and OS X, this will usually meandouble-clicking on the R application, on UNIX-like systems, type“R” at a shell prompt.
As a first step with R, start the R help browser by typing
help.start()
in the R command window. For help on anyfunction, e.g. the “mean” function, type? mean
.
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Install Bioconductor Packages
To install core packages, type the following in an R command window:
Install specific packages, e.g., “GenomicFeatures” and “AnnotationDbi”, with
The install()
function (in the BiocManager package) has arguments that changeits default behavior; type ?install
for further help.
For a more detailed explanation on using BiocManager and its advanced usage,such as version switching, please refer to theBiocManager vignette.
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Find Bioconductor Packages
Visit the software package listto discover available packages.
To search through available packages programmatically, use the following:
For example, using a “^org” search pattern will show all of the availableorganism annotation packages.
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Update Installed Bioconductor Packages
Bioconductor packages, especially those in the development branch, areupdated fairly regularly. To identify packages requiring update withinyour version of Bioconductor, start a new session of R and enter
Use the argument ask=FALSE
to update old packages without beingprompted. Read the help page for ?install
for additional details.
Upgrading installed Bioconductor packages
Some versions of R support more than one version of Bioconductor. Touse the latest version of Bioconductor for your version of R, enter
Remember that more recent versions of Bioconductor may be available if yourversion of R is out-of-date.
For more details on Bioconductor approaches to versioning, seethe advanced sectionin the vignette and version numbering in the developer reference section.
Recompiling installed Bioconductor packages
Rarely, underlying changes in the operating system require ALLinstalled packages to be recompiled for source (C or Fortran)compatibility. One way to address this might be to start a new Rsession and enter
As this will reinstall all currently installed packages, it likelyinvolves a significant amount of network bandwidth and compilationtime. All packages are implicitly updated, and the cumulative effectmight introduce wrinkles that disrupt your work flow. It also requiresthat you have the necessary compilers installed.
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Troubleshoot Package Installations
R 3.5.0 Mac Download Software
Use the commands
to flag packages that are either out-of-date or too new for yourversion of Bioconductor. The output suggests ways to solve identifiedproblems, and the help page ?valid
lists arguments influencingthe behavior of the function.
Troubleshoot BiocManager
One likely reason for BiocManager not working on your system couldbe that your version of R is too old for BiocManager
. In orderavoid this issue, please ensure that you have the latest version of Rinstalled in your system. BiocManager supports R versions from 3.5.0and above.
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Why use BiocManager::install()?
BiocManager::install()
is the recommended way to install Bioconductorpackages. There are several reasons for preferring this to the‘standard’ way in which R pacakges are installed viainstall.packages()
.
Bioconductor has a repository and release schedule that differs from R(Bioconductor has a ‘devel’ branch to which new packages and updatesare introduced, and a stable ‘release’ branch emitted once every 6months to which bug fixes but not new features are introduced).
A consequence of the mismatch between R and Bioconductor releaseschedules is that the Bioconductor version identified byinstall.packages()
is sometimes not the most recent ‘release’available. For instance, an R minor version may be introduced somemonths before the next Bioc release. After the Bioc release the usersof the R minor version will be pointed to an out-of-date version ofBioconductor.
A consequence of the distinct ‘devel’ branch is thatinstall.packages()
sometimes points only to the ‘release’repository, whereas Bioconductor developers and users wantingleading-edge features wish to access the Bioconductor ‘devel’repository. For instance, the Bioconductor 3.0 release is availablefor R.3.1.x, so Bioconductor developers and leading-edge users need tobe able to install the devel version of Bioconductor packages into thesame version (though perhaps different instance or at least librarylocation) of R that supports version 2.14 of Bioconductor.
An indirect consequence of Bioconductor’s structured release is thatpackages generally have more extensive dependencies with one another,both explicitly via the usual package mechanisms and implicitlybecause the repository, release structure, and Bioconductor communityinteractions favor re-use of data representations and analysisconcepts across packages. There is thus a higher premium on knowingthat packages are from the same release, and that all packages arecurrent within the release.
The BiocManager package serves as the primary way to ensure thatthe appropriate Bioconductor installation is used with respectto the version of R in use regardless of the R and Bioconductorrelease cycles.
The install()
Mpeg streamclip for mac free download. function is provided by BiocManager. This is awrapper around install.packages
, but with the repository chosenaccording to the version of Bioconductor in use, rather than to theversion relevant at the time of the release of R.
install()
also nudges users to remain current within a release, bydefault checking for out-of-date packages and asking if the user wouldlike to update
The BiocManager package provides facilities for switching to the‘devel’ version of Bioconductor
(at some points in the R / Bioconductor release cycle use of ‘devel’requires use of a different version of R itself, in which case theattempt to install devel fails with an appropriate message).
The BiocManager package also provides valid()
to test that theinstalled packages are not a hodgepodge from different Bioconductorreleases (the ‘too new’ packages have been installed from sourcerather than a repository; regular users would seldom have these).
For users who spend a lot of time in Bioconductor, the featuresoutlined above become increasingly important and install()
is muchpreferred to install.packages()
.
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Pre-configured Bioconductor
Bioconductor is also available as a set ofAmazon Machine Images (AMIs) andDocker images.
Legacy and Older R Versions
It is always recommended to update to the most current version of R andBioconductor. If this is not possible and R < 3.5.0
, please use the followingfor installing Bioconductor packages
To install core packages, type the following in an R command window:
Install specific packages, e.g., “GenomicFeatures” and “AnnotationDbi”, with
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A freeware utility to spoof MAC address instantly
R 3.5.1 Mac Download
Version 6.0.7
Windows 10/8.1/8/7/Vista/XP/Server 2012 R2/Server 2012/Server 2008 R2/Server 2008/Server 2003/Server 2000
Technitium MAC Address Changer allows you to change (spoof) Media Access Control (MAC) Address of your Network Interface Card (NIC) instantly. It has a very simple user interface and provides ample information regarding each NIC in the machine. Every NIC has a MAC address hard coded in its circuit by the manufacturer. This hard coded MAC address is used by windows drivers to access Ethernet Network (LAN). This tool can set a new MAC address to your NIC, bypassing the original hard coded MAC address. Technitium MAC Address Changer is a must tool in every security professionals tool box.
Features
- Works on Windows 10, 8 & 7 for both 32-bit and 64-bit.
- Enhanced network configuration presets with IPv6 support allow you to quickly switch between network configurations.
- Allows complete configuration of any network adapter.
- Command line options with entire software functionality available. You can select a preset from specified preset file to apply directly.
- Update network card vendors list feature allows you to download latest vendor data (OUI) from IEEE.org.
How Does It Work?
This software just writes a value into the windows registry. When the Network Adapter Device is enabled, windows searches for the registry value 'NetworkAddress' in the key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESYSTEMCurrentControlSetControlClass{4D36E972-E325-11CE-BFC1- 08002bE10318}[ID of NIC e.g. 0001]. If a value is present, windows will use it as MAC address, if not, windows will use the hard coded manufacturer provided MAC address. Some Network Adapter drivers have this facility built-in. It can be found in the Advance settings tab in the Network Adapter's Device properties in Windows Device Manager.
How To Change MAC Address
- Starting MAC address changer will list all available network adapters.
- Select the adapter you want to change the MAC address. You will get the details of your selection below.
- In the Information tab, find the Change MAC Address frame. Enter new MAC address in the field and click Change Now! button. You may even click Random MAC Address button to fill up a randomly selected MAC address from the vendor list available.
- To restore the original MAC address of the network adapter, select the adapter, click Restore Original button in the Change MAC Address frame.
NOTE: This tool cannot change MAC address of Microsoft Network Bridge. Network Bridge will automatically use the original MAC address of the first NIC added into bridge with the first octet of MAC address set to 0x02.
Help Topics
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R 3.5.0 Mac
Read this blog post for more details on issues with wireless networks and workaround.